This study explains the individual’s behavior toward profits and losses contained in differently framed combined incentive contracts. Individual’s risk preferences and loss preferences are measured using Holt and Laury (2002) measure of risk aversion and Brink and Rankin (2013) measure of loss aversion, respectively. The last measure was adjusted with compensation characteristics in Iran. The relationship between these preferences and individual’s behavior under economically equivalent contracts of different frames is examined using experiment. Participating 92 subjects as well as conducting four separate experiments, the result indicated that there is a negative relationship between loss aversion and accepatance of contracts which have penalty component. Also, subjects preferred the first clawback contract (bonus> penalty) rather than the second clawback contract (bonus< penalty). In other words, contracts framing as well as endowment effect play a vital role in individual choices. Failure of common economic theories in explaining of individual behavior is confirmed in this study.

Background: Inborne errors of metabolism are a common cause of neonatal death. This study evaluated the acute early-onset metabolic derangement and death in two unrelated neonates. Methods: WES, Sanger sequencing, homology modeling, and in silico bioinformatics analysis were employed to assess the effects of variants on protein structure and function. Results: WES revealed a novel homozygous variant, p. G303Afs*40 and p. R156P, in the PC gene of each neonate, which both were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Based on the ACMG guidelines, the p. G303Afs*40 was likely pathogenic, and the p. R156P was a VUS. Nevertheless, a known variant at position 156, the p. R156Q, was also a VUS. Protein secondary structure prediction showed changes in p. R156P and p. R156Q variants compared to the wild-type protein. However, p. G303Afs*40 depicted significant changes at C-terminal. Furthermore, comparing the interaction of wild-type and variant proteins with the ATP ligand during simulations, revealed a decreased affinity to the ATP in all the variants. Moreover, analysis of SNP impacts on PC protein using Polyphen-2, SNAP2, FATHMM, and SNPs&GO servers predicted both R156P and R156Q as damaging variants. Likewise, free energy calculations demonstrated the destabilizing effect of both variants on PC. Conclusion: This study confirmed the pathogenicity of both variants and suggested them as a cause of type B PCD. The results of this study would provide the family with prenatal diagnosis and expand the variant spectrum in the PC gene, which is beneficial for geneticists and endocrinologists.

Ensuring a healthy environment involves and protects human beings and besides enjoying this right man has a commitment to protect it. The need to pay attention to the environment should be considered in parallel with the productive activities as a pillar of sustainable development. With regard to the position that the oil industry has found in today's world it should not be overlooked for human and environmental damage and we should look for solutions to reduce these injuries. Oil operations such as exploration development exploitation transportation and oil refining on the environment have devastating effects that can be controlled and reduced by measures. In this regard governments try to reduce the environmental impact of oil operations by setting laws and regulations. In this paper the emphasis on compliance with environmental requirements and the preservation of human rights of the environment has been addressed by the review of environmental laws and regulations and oil issues.

Energy Service Contract is an important method for energy saving. While taking some degree of risk, Energy Service Companies implement the energy-saving projects in the form of energy performance contracts for energy consumers (clients). This kind of contracts enjoy some new, subtle and different features. The question is whether this type of contract can be classified as a new contractual form? If not under which type of existing contract forms are they classified? In this paper, the framework of shared savings and guaranteed savings contracts as the main types of energy performance contracts is reviewed. Documents issued by the Ministry of Petroleum are compared to some certain contracts, including sales, promise of reward, hire-purchase and partnership; it is concluded that this specific kind of contract, is not compatible with any of the definite contract types mentioned above. Hence these contracts should be recognized under the principle of sovereignty and freeness of wills, Article 10 of the Civil Code. it is argued that these contracts are not marred by the risk of loss, so they are not defying the specific terms of law. it is argued that the structure of shared saving contracts is the same as of the reward contract under the definite contracts.

Purpose: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of different doses of Staurosporine on differentiation of PC-12 cell line into differentiated neuronal cells. Materials and Methods: PC-12 cell line as a useful model system for neurobiological studies was maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS. Staurosporine were added to culture medium in different concentrations (110, 214, 316 and 1000nM), then morphology and apoptotic index were assessed by total neurite length estimation and TUNEL staining.Results: Data showed that total neurite length of PC-12 cells that were treated with 110, 214, 316 and 1000nM was 44±9.3, 153±15.0, 104±10.4 and 31±9.6μm respectively. Therefore PC-12 cells that were treated with 214nM Staurosporine had the greatest neurite length in compression with the other concentrations (P<0.05). In addition apoptotic index in these concentrations was 3±0.7,4±0.8,8±1.0 and 10±1.1 respectively, Therefore PC-12 cells that were treated with 110 and 214nM Staurosporine had minimal apoptotic index (P<0.05).Conclusion: Finally it can be concluded that 214nM concentration of Staurosporine is an optimum concentration for differentiation of neuronal cell lines to differentiated neuronal cells.